Systems engineering

Photovoltaic systems (solar energy systems) can be connected to the utility grid by Authorities Having Jurisdiction (AHJ) as grid-tied system or work self-sufficiently as stand-alone system.Photovoltaic systems which are installed on buildings are usually grid-connected. Stand-alone systems constitute network-independent solutions for vacation residences, mobile homes, water pumps and many more.
A Photovoltaic system consists of the following components:
  • Solar module (interconnection of solar cells)
  • Inverter
  • Mounting system
  • Storage battery and charge regulators for stand-alone systems
PV systems can generally be installed on flat roofs, pitched-angle roofs, facade integrated
or on free terrain.
The maximum energy output depends on an optimal non-shading alignment in a southward direction at an optimal incident angle.

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